Science Articles
Bibliography of Anesthetic Buffering Articles
Listed by Topic (Links valid as of 26-JUN-2019) Buffering and Anesthetic Latency
1.Sereen Kattan, Su-Min Lee, Elliot V. Hersh, Bekir Karabucak, Efficacy of Buffered Local Anesthetics, The Journal of the American Dental Association, Volume 150, Issue 3, March 2019, Pages 165-177
Abstract of above article available online, full text available for purchase:https://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(18)30786-4/fulltext
2. Ackerman WE, Ware TR, Juneja M, The Air-Liquid Interface and the pH and PCO2 of Alkalinized Local Anaesthetic Solutions, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 39, P. 387 (1992).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:http://www.springerlink.com/content/43616778m7243675/
3. Bedder MD, Kozody R, Craig DB, Comparison of Bupivacaine and Alkalinized Bupivacaine in Brachial Plexus Anesthesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 67, P. 48 (1988).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/67/1/48.long
4. Benlabed M, Jullien P, Guelmi K, Hamza J, Bonhomme L, Benhamou D, Alkalinization of 0.5% Lidocaine for Intravenous Regional Anesthesia, Regional Anesthesia, Vol. 15, No. 2, P. 59 (1990).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2176097
5. Candido KD, Winnie AP, Covino BG, Raza SM, Vasireddy AR, Masters RW, Addition of Bicarbonate to Plain Bupivacaine Does Not Significantly Alter the Onset or Duration of Plexus Anesthesia, Regional Anesthesia, Vol. 20, No. 2 P.
133 (1995).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7605760
6. Capogna G, Celleno D, Laudano D, Giunta F, Alkalinization of local anesthetics. Which block, which local anesthetic? Regional Anesthesia, Vol. 20, No. 5, P. 369 (1995).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8519712
7. Chow M, Sia A, Koay C, Chan Y, Alkalinization of Lidocaine Does not Hasten the Onset of Axillary Brachial Plexus Block, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 86, P. 566 (1998).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
8. Christoph RA, Buchanan L, Begalla K, Schwartz S, Pain Reduction in Local Anesthetic Administration Through pH Buffering, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 2, P. 27 (1988).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(88)80293-2/abstract
9. Coventry DM, Todd JG, Alkalinisation of Bupivacaine for Sciatic Nerve Blockade, Anaesthesia, Vol. 44, P. 467 (1989).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2757151
10. DiFazio CA, Carron H, Grosslight KR, Moscicki JC, Bolding WR, Johns RA, Comparison of pH-Adjusted Lidocaine Solutions for Epidural Anesthesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 65, P. 760 (1986).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/65/7/760.full.pdf+html
11. Fukuda T, Satop S, Naito H, Concentration- and pH- Dependent Effects of Local Anesthetics on Onset of Epidural Anesthesia, Journal of Anesthesia, Vol. 4, P. 327 (1990).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15235964
12. Fukuda T, Naito H, The Effect of pH Adjustment of 1% Lidocaine on the Onset of Sensory and Motor Blockade of Epidural Anesthesia in Nonpregnant Gynecological Patients, Journal of Anesthesia, Vol. 8, P. 293 (1994).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge: http://www.springerlink.com/content/t63t050t4xx36446/
13. Gaggero G, Meyer O, Wan Gessel E, Rifat K, Alkalinization of Lidocaine 2% Does Not Influence the Quality of Epidural Anaesthesia for Elective Caesarean Section, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 42, No. 12, P. 1080 (1995).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8595681
14. Gormley WP, Hill DA, Murray JM, Fee JP, The Effect of Alkalinization of Lignocaine on Axillary Brachial Plexus Anaesthesia, Anaesthesia, Vol. 51, P. 185 (1996).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8779380
15. Gupta RP, Kapoor G, Safety and Efficacy of Sodium Bicarbonate versus Hyaluronidase in Peribulbar Anaesthesia, Medical Journal of the Armed Forces of India, Vol. 62, P. 116 (2006).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge: http://medind.nic.in/maa/t06/i2/maat06i2p116.pdf
16. Kanaya N, Imaizumi H, Matsumoto M, Namiki A, Tsunoda K, Evaluation of Alkalinized
Lidocaine Solution in Brachial Plexus Blockade, Journal of Anesthesia, Vol. 5, No. 2, P. 128 (1991).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/fhqnkwuxc422clx9/
17. Liepert DJ, McMorland GH, Gambling DR, Kim J, Ross P, Comparison of Lidocaine CO2, Two Per Cent Lidocaine Hydrochloride and pH Adjusted Lidocaine Hydrochloride for Caesarean Section Anaesthesia, Canadian Journal of
Anaesthesia, Vol. 37, No. 3, P. 333 (1990).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2182205
18. McMorland GH, Douglas MJ, Jeffery WK, Ross PL, Axelson JE, Kim JH, Gambling DR, Robertson K, Effect of pH-Adjustment of Bupivacaine on Onset and Duration of Epidural Analgesia in Parturients, Canadian Anaesthetists’ Society Journal
Vol. 33, No. 5, P. 537 (1986).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3021299
19. McMorland GH, Douglas MJ, Axelson J, Kim JH, Blair I, Ross PL, Gambling DR, Swenerton JE, The Effect of pH Adjustment of Bupivacaine on Onset and Duration of Epidural Anaesthesia for Caesarean Section, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia,
Vol. 35, No. 5, P. 457 (1988).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge: http://www.springerlink.com/content/tk5442887g09252g/
20. Mehta R, Verma D, Gupta V, Gurwara A, To Study the Effect of Alkalinization of Lignocaine Hydrochloride on Brachial Plexus Block, Indian Journal of Anaesthesiology, Vol. 47, No. 4, P. 283 (2003).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge: http://medind.nic.in/iad/t03/i4/iadt03i4p283.pdf
21. Ossipov MH, Harris SH, Spaulding TC, Potency and Duration of Action of Local Anesthetics are Diminished by Decreasing the pH of the Injected Solution in Peripheral Nerve Block, Pain, Vol. 30, Supp. 1, P. S384 (1987).
Full text of above article available for purchase online: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03043959
22. Quinlan JJ, Oleksey K, Murphy FL, Alkalinization of Mepivacaine for Axillary Block, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 74, P. 371 (1992).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/74/3/371.short
23. Tackley RM, Coe AJ, Alkalinised Bupivacaine and Adrenaline for Epidural Caesarean Section, A comparison with 0.5% Bupivacaine, Obstetric Digest, Vol. 43, P. 1019 (1988).
Full text of above article available for purchase online: http://journals.lww.com/obstetricanesthesia/citation/1989/07000/alkalinised_bupivacaine_and_adrenaline_for.42.aspx
24. Jaichandran V, Vijaya L, George RJ, InderMohan B, Peribulbar Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery: Effect of Lidocaine Warming and Alkalinization on Injection Pain, Motor and Sensory Nerve Blockade, Indian Journal of Ophthalmology,
Vol. 58, No. 2, P. 105 (2010).
Full text of above article available for review online at no charge: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2854439/?tool=pubmed
25. Verborgh C, Claeys MA, Camu C, Onset of Epidural Blockade After Plain or Alkalinized 0.5% Bupivacaine, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 73, P. 401 (1991).
Full text of above article available for purchase online: http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/73/4/401.full.pdf+html
Buffering, Anesthetic Potency, and Dissolved CO2
1. Ackerman WE, Ware TR, Juneja M, The Air-Liquid Interface and the pH and PCO2 of Alkalinized Local Anaesthetic Solutions, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 39, P. 387 (1992).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/43616778m7243675/
2. Berrada R, Chassard D, Bryssine S, Berthier S, Bryssine B, Bouletreau P, In Vitro Effects of the Alkalinization of 0.25% Bupivacaine and 2% Lidocaine, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, Vol. 13, no. 2, P. 165 (1994).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7818198
3. Bromage PR, Gertel M, Improved Brachial Plexus Blockade with Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Carbonated Lidocaine, Anesthesia, Vol. 36, No. 5, P. 479 (1972).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
4. Catchlove RFH, The Influence of CO2 and pH on Local Anesthetic Action, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapies, Vol. 181, No. 2, P. 298 (1972).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/181/2/298.full.pdf+html
5. Condouris GA, Shakalis A, Potentiation of the Nerve-Depressant Effect of Local Anesthetics by Carbon Dioxide, Nature, Vol. 204, P. 57 (1964).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v204/n4953/pdf/204057a0.pdf
6. Curatolo M, Peterson-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Lauber R, Hogstrom H, Scaramozzino P, Luginbuhl M, Sieber TJ, Zbinden AM, Adding Sodium Bicarbonate to Lidocaine Enhances the Depth of Epidural Blockade, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 86, P. 341 (1998).
Full text of above article available for review online at no charge:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/86/2/341.full.pdf+html
7. Martin AJ, pH Adjustment and Discomfort Caused by the Intradermal Injection of Lignocaine, Anaesthesia, Vol. 45, P. 975 (1990).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2174653
8. Wong K, Strichartz GR, Raymond SA, On the Mechanisms of Potentiation of Local Anesthetics by Bicarbonate Buffer: Drug Structure-Activity Studies on Isolated Peripheral Nerve, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 76, P. 131 (1993).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/76/1/131.long
Buffering and Depth of Analgesia
1. Arakawa M, Aoyama Y, Ohe Y, Epidural Bolus Injection with Alkalinized Lidocaine Improves Blockade of the First Sacral Segment - A Brief Report, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol. 49, No. 6, P 566 (2002).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/b36206827q812411/
2. Arndt KA, Minimizing the Pain of Local Anesthesia, Journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery) Vol. 72, No. 5, P. 676 (1983).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/secure/pages/purchase.aspx?an=00006534-198311000-00017
4. Curatolo M, Peterson-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Lauber R, Hogstrom H, Scaramozzino P, Luginbuhl M, Sieber TJ, Zbinden AM, Adding Sodium Bicarbonate to Lidocaine Enhances the Depth of Epidural Blockade, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 86, P. 341 (1998).
Full text of above article available for review online at no charge:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/86/2/341.full.pdf+html
5. Gaggero G, Meyer O, Wan Gessel E, Rifat K, Alkalinization of Lidocaine 2% Does Not Influence the Quality of Epidural Anaesthesia for Elective Caesarean Section, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 42, No. 12, P. 1080 (1995).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8595681
6. Mehta R, Verma DD, Gupta V, Burwara AK, To Study the Effect of Alkalinization of Lignocaine Hydrochloride on Brachial Plexus Block, Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 47, No. 4, P. 283 (2003).
Full text of above article available for download online at no charge:
http://medind.nic.in/iad/t03/i4/iadt03i4p283.pdf
7. Roberts JE, MacLeod BA, Hollands RH, Improved Peribulbar Anaesthesia with Alkalinization and Hyaluronidase, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 40, No. 9, P. 835 (1993).
Full text of above article available for download online at no charge:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/273p5g41w774215u/fulltext.pdf
8. Siler JN, Rosenberg H, Lidocaine Hydrochloride versus Lidocaine Bicarbonate for Epidural Anesthesia in Outpatients Undergoing Arthroscopic Surgery, Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, Vol. 2, P. 296 (1990).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://pubget.com/search?q=issn:0952-8180+vol:2+issue:5&from=2176794
9. Tetzlaff JE, Yoon HJ, O’HaraJ, Reaney J, Stein D, Grimes-Rice M, Alkalinization of Mepivacaine Accelerates Onset of Interscalene Block for Shoulder Surgery, Regional Anesthesia, Vol. 15, P. 242 (1990).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
Buffering and Diffusion of Anesthetic
1. Arakawa M, Aoyama Y, Ohe Y, Epidural Bolus Injection with Alkalinized Lidocaine Improves Blockade of the First Sacral Segment - A Brief Report, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol. 49, No. 6, P 566 (2002).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/b36206827q812411/
2. Bedder, Kozody R, Craig DB, Comparison of Bupivacaine and Alkalinized Bupivacaine in Brachial Plexus Anesthesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 67, P. 48 (1988).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/67/1/48.long
3. Gaggero G, Meyer O, Wan Gessel E, Rifat K, Alkalinization of Lidocaine 2% Does Not Influence the Quality of Epidural Anaesthesia for Elective Caesarean Section, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 42, No. 12, P. 1080 (1995).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8595681
4. Liepert DJ, McMorland GH, Gambling DR, Kim J, Ross P, Comparison of Lidocaine CO2, Two Per Cent Lidocaine Hydrochloride and pH Adjusted Lidocaine Hydrochloride for Caesarean Section Anaesthesia, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 37, No. 3, P. 333 (1990).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2182205
5. Martin AJ, pH Adjustment and Discomfort Caused by the Intradermal Injection of Lignocaine, Anaesthesia, Vol. 45, P. 975 (1990).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/217465
Buffering and Duration
1. Bartfield JM, Homer PJ, Ford DT, Sternklar P, Buffered Lidocaine as a Local Anesthetic: An Investigation of Shelf Life, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 21, No. 1, P. 16 (1992).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196-0644(05)82230-9
2. Berrada R, Chassard D, Bryssine S, Berthier S, Bryssine B, Bouletreau P, In Vitro Effects of the Alkalinization of 0.25% Bupivacaine and 2% Lidocaine, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, Vol. 13, No. 2, P. 165 (1994).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7818198
3. Bonhomme L, Postaire E, Touratier S, Benhamou D, Martre-Sauvageon H, Preaux NM, Chemical Stability of Lignocaine (Lidocaine) and Adrenaline (Epinephrine) in pH-Adjusted Parenteral Solutions, Journal of Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics,
Vol. 13, P. 257 (1988).
Summary and article for purchase available online:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2710.1988.tb00190.x/abstract
4. Buckley P, Neto GD, Fink BR, pH of Solution and Duration of Local Anesthetic Block, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 64, P. 477 (1985).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/64/5/477.long
5. Gormley WP, Hill DA, Murray JM, Fee JPH, The Effect of Alkalinization of Lignocaine on Axillary Brachial Plexus Anaesthesia, Anaesthesia, Vol. 51, P. 185 (1996).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb07712.x/abstract
6. Mehta R, Verma D, Gupta V, Gurwara A, To Study the Effect of Alkalinization of Lignocaine Hydrochloride, Indian Journal of Anaesthesiology, Vol. 47, No. 4, P. 283 (2003).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://medind.nic.in/iad/t03/i4/iadt03i4p283.pdf
Buffering and Injection Pain
Buffered Bupivacaine
1. Ackerman WE, Ware TR, Juneja M, The Air-Liquid Interface and the pH and PCO2 of Alkalinized Local Anaesthetic Solutions, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 39, P. 387 (1992).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/43616778m7243675/
2. Jones JS, Plzak C, Wynn BN, Martin S, Effect of Temperature and pH Adjustment of Bupivacaine for Intradermal Anesthesia, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 2, P. 117 (1998).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
Buffered Chloroprocaine
1. Marica LS, O’Day T, Janosky JE, Nystrom EUM, Chloroprocaine is Less Painful than Lidocaine for Skin Infiltration Anesthesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 94, P. 351 (2002).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/94/2/351.full.pdf+html
2. Lavin PA, Henderson CL, Vaghadia H, Non-Alkalinized and Alkalinized 2- Chloroprocaine vs. Lidocaine for Intravenous Regional Anesthesia During Outpatient Hand Surgery, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 46, P. 939 (1999).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/7w54874w24367w62/fulltext.pdf
3. Ackerman WE, Ware TR, Juneja M, The Air-Liquid Interface and the pH and PCO2 of Alkalinized Local Anaesthetic Solutions, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 39, P. 387 (1992).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/43616778m7243675/
Buffered Lidocaine Plain
1. Ackerman WE, Ware TR, Juneja M, The Air-Liquid Interface and the pH and PCO2 of Alkalinized Local Anaesthetic Solutions, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 39, P. 387 (1992).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/43616778m7243675/
2. Arndt KA, Minimizing the Pain of Local Anesthesia, Journal of the American Society
of Plastic Surgeons (Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery) Vol. 72, No. 5, P. 676 (1983).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/secure/pages/purchase.aspx?an=00006534-198311000-00017
3. Ball EL, Sanjay P, Woodward A, Comparison of Buffered and Unbuffered Local Anaesthesia for Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Prospective Study, The Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Vol. 10, No. 2, P. 175 (2006).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/fku2184752r28t36/
4. Bancroft JW, Benenati JF, Becker GJ, Katzen BT, Neutralized Lidocaine: Use in Pain Reduction in Local Anesthesia, Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Vol. 3, No. 1, P. 107 (1992).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.jvir.org/article/S1051-0443%2892%2972200-3/abstract
5. Bartfield JM, Gennis P, Barbera J, Breuer B, Gallagher EJ, Buffered Versus Plain Lidocaine as a Local Anesthetic for Simple Laceration Repair, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 19, No. 12, P. 1387 (1990).
Abstract of the above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8381259
6. Bartfield JM, Homer PJ, Ford DT, Sternklar P, Buffered Lidocaine as a Local Anesthetic: An Investigation of Shelf Life, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 21, No. 1, P. 16 (1992).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196-0644(05)82230-9
7. Brogan GX, Biaruusso E, Hollander JE, Cassara G, Maranga MC, Thode HC, Comparison of Plain, Warmed, and Buffered Lidocaine for Anesthesia of Traumatic Wounds, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 26, No. 2, P. 121 (1995).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
8. Christoph RA, Buchanan L, Begalla K, Schwartz S, Pain Reduction in Local Anesthetic Administration Through pH Buffering, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 2, P. 27 (1988).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(88)80293-2/abstract
9. Colaric KB, Overton DT, Moore K, Pain Reduction in Local Anesthetic, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 4, P. 353 (1998).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download online:
10. Connelly NR, Leonard R, Discomfort Associated with Regional Anesthetic Placement in Obstetrics: Does Alkalinization Help?, International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, Vol. 5, No. 2, P. 89 (1996).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download online:
11. Cornelius P, Kendall J, Meek S, Rajan R, Alkalinisation of Lignocaine to Reduce the Pain of Digital Nerve Blockade, Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine, Vol. 13, No. 5, P. 339 (1996).
Full text of above article available for review and download online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1342770/pdf/jaccidem00014-0035.pdf
12. Culp WC Jr, Yousaf M, Lowry B, McCowan TC, Culp WC, Pain and Efficacy of Local Anesthetics for Central Venous Access, Local and Regional Anesthesia, Vol. 2008, P. 11 (2008).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=4252
13. Gershon RY, Mokriski BK, Matjasko MJ, Intradermal Anesthesia and Comparison of Intravenous Catheter Gauge, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 73, P. 469 (1991).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download online:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/73/4/469.full.pdf+html
14. Hayward CJ, Nafziger AN, Kohlhepp SJ, Bertino JS Jr, Investigation of Bioequivalence and Tolerability of Intramuscular Ceftriaxone Injections by Using 1% Lidocaine, Buffered Lidocaine, and Sterile Water Diluents, Antimicrobial Agents and
Chemotherapy, Vol. 40, No. 2, P. 485 (1996).
Full text of above article available for download online, free of charge:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC163141/pdf/400485.pdf
158. Karcioglu O, Topacoglu H, Ayrik C, Ozucelik DN, Soysal S, Prilocaine versus Plain or Buffered Lidocaine for Local Anesthesia in Laceration Repair: Randomized Double-blind Comparison, Croatian Medical Journal, Vol. 44, No. 6, P. 716 (2003).
Full text of above article available for review online free of charge:
http://www.cmj.hr/2003/44/6/14652885.pdf
16. Klein EJ, Shugerman RP, Leigh-Taylor K, Schneider C, Portscheller D, Koepsell T, Buffered Lidocaine: Analgesia for Intravenous Line Placement in Children, Pediatrics, Vol. 95, No. 5, P. 709 (1995).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/95/5/709
17. Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Stens-Pedersen HL, Kjaerbo EJ, Intra-Arterial Regional Anaesthesia for Hand Surgery with Alkalinized 0.5% Lignocaine, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandanavica, Vol. 39, No. 8, P. 1048 (1995).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04227.x/abstract
18. Mader TJ, Playe SJ, Reducing the Pain of Local Anesthetic Infiltration: Warming and Buffering Have Synergistic Effect, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 23, No. 3, P. 550 (1994).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download online:
19. Marica LS, O’Day T, Janosky JE, Nystrom EUM, Chloroprocaine is Less Painful than Lidocaine for Skin Infiltration Anesthesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 94, P. 351 (2002).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/94/2/351.full.pdf+html
20. Matsumoto AH, Reifsnyder AC, Hartwell GD, Angle JF, Selby JB Jr, Tegtmeyer CJ, Reducing the Discomfort of Lidocaine Administration Through pH Buffering, Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Vol. 5, No. 1, P. 171 (1994).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download online:
21. McGlone R, Bodenham A, Reducing the Pain of Intradermal Lignocaine Injection by pH Buffering, Archives of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 7, P. 65 (1990).
Full text of above article available for download online free of charge:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1285669/pdf/archemed00026-0009.pdf
22. McKay W, Morris R, Mushlin P, Sodium Bicarbonate Attenuates Pain on Skin Infiltration with Lidocaine, with or without Epinephrine, Anesthesia & Analgesia,
Vol. 66, P. 572 (1987).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download online:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/66/6/572.long
23. McNaughton C, Zhou C, Robert L, Storrow A, Kennedy R, A Randomized, Crossover Comparison of Injected Buffered Lidocaine, Lidocaine Cream, and No Analgesia for Peripheral Intravenous Cannula Insertion, Annlas of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 54, No. 2, P. 214 (2009).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
http://www.annemergmed.com/article/s0196-0644(08)02182-3/fulltext
24. Nelson AL, Neutralizing pH of Lidocaine Reduces Pain During Norplant® System Insertion Procedure, Contraception, Vol. 51, No. 5, P. 299 (1995).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download online:
25. Ong E, Lim N, Koay C, Towards a Pain-Free Venepuncture, Anaesthesia, Vol. 55, No. 3, P. 260 (2000).
Full text of above article available for download online free of charge:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2000.01124.x/pdf
26. Orlinsky M, Hudson C, Chan L, Deslauriers R, Pain Comparison of Unbuffered Versus Buffered Lidocaine in Local Wound Infiltration, Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 10, No. 4, P. 411 (1992).
Full text of above article available online for purchase and download:
27. Palmon SC, Lloyd AT, Kirsch R, The Effect of Needle Gauge and Lidocaine pH on Pain During Intradermal Injection, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 86, No. 2, P. 379 (1998).
Full text of above article available online for download free of charge:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/86/2/379.full.pdf+html
28. Sapin P, Petrozzi R, Dehmer GJ, Reduction in Injection Pain Using Buffered Lidocaine as a Local Anesthetic Before Cardiac Catheterization, Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis, Vol. 23, No. 2, P. 100 (1991).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ccd.1810230206/abstract
29. Scarfone RJ, Jasani M, Gracely EJ, Pain of Local Anesthetics: Rate of Administration and Buffering, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 31, No. 1, P. 36 (1998).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
30. Steinbrook RA, Hughes N, Fanciullo G, Manzi D, Ferrante FM, Effects of Alkalinization of Lidocaine on the Pain of Skin Infiltration and Intravenous Catheterization,
Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, Vol. 5, No. 6, P. 456 (1993).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
31. Jaichandran V, Vijaya L, George RJ, InderMohan B, Peribulbar Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery: Effect of Lidocaine Warming and Alkalinization on Injection Pain, Motor and Sensory Nerve Blockade, Indian Journal of Ophthalmology,
Vol. 58, No. 2, P. 105 (2010).
Full text of above article available for review free of charge:
40. Xia Y, Chen E, Tibbits DL, Reilley TE, McSweeney TD, Comparison of Effects of Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Buffered Lidocaine, Diphenhydramine, and Normal Saline After Intradermal Injection, Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, Vol. 14, No. 5,
P. 339 (2002).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
Buffered Lidocaine with Epinephrine
1. Bowles WH, Frysh H, Emmons R, Clinical Evaluation of Buffered Local Anesthetic, General Dentistry, Vol. 43, No. 2, P. 182 (1995).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9564364
2. Burns CA, Ferris G, Feng C, Cooper JZ, Brown MD, Decreasing the Pain of Local Anesthesia: A Prospective, Double-Blind Comparison of Buffered, Premixed 1% Lidocaine with Epinephrine Versus 1% Lidocaine Freshly Mixed with Epinephrine,
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Vol. 54, No. 1, P. 128 (2006).
Full text of the article is available for purchase and download:
3. Carvalho B, Fuller A, Brummel C, Cohen SE, Local Infiltration of Epinephrine- Containing Lidocaine with Bicarbonate Reduces Superficial Bleeding and Pain During Labor Epidural Catheter Insertion: A Randomized Trial, International
Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, Vol. 16, No. 2, P. 116 (2007).
Full text of the article is available for purchase and download:
http://www.obstetanesthesia.com/article/S0959-289X(06)00196-8/pdf
4. Christoph RA, Buchanan L, Begalla K, Schwartz S, Pain Reduction in Local Anesthetic Administration Through pH Buffering, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 2, P. 27 (1988).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(88)80293-2/abstract
6. Larson PO, Ragi G, Swandby M, Darcey B, Polzin G, Carey P, Stability of Buffered Lidocaine and Epinephrine Used for Local Anesthesia, Journal of Dermatologic
Surgery and Oncology, Vol. 17, No. 5, P. 411 (1991).
Abstract of above article:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2030202
8. Martin AJ, pH Adjustment and Discomfort Caused by the Intradermal Injection of Lignocaine, Anaesthesia, Vol. 45, P. 975 (1990).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2174653
9. Masters JE, Randomized Control Trial of pH Buffered Lignocaine with Adrenaline in Outpatient Operations, British Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol. 51, P 385 (1998).
Full text of the article is available for purchase and download:
11. Narváez J, Wessels I, Bacon G, Chin VR, Baqai WK, Zimmerman GJ, Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Short-Term Complications When Using Buffered or Unbuffered Lidocaine 1% With Epinephrine for Blepharoplasty Surgery,
Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vol. 26, No. 1, P. 33 (2010).
Full text of the article is available for purchase and download:
12. Samdal F, Arctander K, Skolleborg KC, Amland PF, Alkalisation of Lignocaine- Adrenaline Reduces the Amount of Pain During Subcutaneous Injection of Local Anaesthetic, Scandanavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Vol. 28, No. 1, P. 33 (1994).
Full text of the article is available for purchase and download:
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/ftinterface~content=a785304409~fulltext=713240930~frm=content
15. Vossinakis IC, Stavroulaki P, Paleochorlidis I, Badras LS, Reducing the Pain Associated with Local Anaesthetic Infiltration for Open Carpal Tunnel Decompression, Journal of Hand Surgery (British Volume), Vol. 29B, No. 4, P. 399 (2004).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
16. Whitcomb M, Drum M, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M, A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study of the Anesthetic Efficacy of Sodium Bicarbonate Buffered 2% Lidocaine With 1 : 100,000 Epinephrine in Inferior Alveolar Nerve Blocks,
Anesthesia Progress, Vol. 57, No. 2, P. 59 (2010).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
http://www.anesthesiaprogress.org/doi/full/10.2344/0003-3006-57.2.59
18. Younis I, Bhutiani RP, Taking the ‘Ouch’ Out - Effect of Buffering Commercial Xylocaine on Infiltration and Procedure Pain – A Prospective, Randomised, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England,
Vol. 86, No. 3, P. 213 (2004).
Available for download free of charge:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1964174/pdf/15140310.pdf
19. Yuen VH, Dolman PJ, Comparison of Three Modified Lidocaine Solutions for Use in Eyelid Anesthesia, Ophthalmic Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Vol. 15, No. 2, P. 143 (1999).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
http://journals.lww.com/op-rs/secure/pages/purchase.aspx?an=00002341-199903000-00016
Buffered Mepivacaine
1. Christoph RA, Buchanan L, Begalla K, Schwartz S, Pain Reduction in Local Anesthetic Administration Through pH Buffering, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 2, P. 27 (1988).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(88)80293-2/abstract
Metastudies on Buffering and Injection Pain
1. Boyd R, Plain or Buffered Lignocaine for Local Anesthetic, Best Evidence Topics, BET No. 102 (2001).
Full text of above article available for review online:
http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=102
2. Davies RJ, Buffering the Pain of Local Anaesthetics: A Systematic Review, Emergency Medicine, Vol. 15, P. 81 (2003).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1442-2026.2003.00413.x/full
Buffering and Warming
1. Brogan GX, Biaruusso E, Hollander JE, Cassara G, Maranga MC, Thode HC, Comparison of Plain, Warmed, and Buffered Lidocaine for Anesthesia of Traumatic Wounds, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 26, No. 2, P. 121 (1995).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
2. Colaric KB, Overton DT, Moore K, Pain Reduction in Local Anesthetic, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 4, P. 353 (1998).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
3. Mader TJ, Playe SJ, Reducing the Pain of Local Anesthetic Infiltration: Warming and Buffering Have Synergistic Effect, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 23,
No. 3, P. 550 (1994).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
4. Fitton AR, Ragbir M, Milling AP, The Use of pH Adjusted Lignocaine in Controlling Operative Pain in the Day Surgery Unit: A Prospective Randomized Trial, British Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol. 49, P. 404 (1996).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
Bibliography of Anesthetic Buffering Articles
Listed by Topic (Links valid as of 26-JUN-2019)
Buffering and Anesthetic Latency
1.Sereen Kattan, Su-Min Lee, Elliot V. Hersh, Bekir Karabucak, Efficacy of Buffered Local Anesthetics, The Journal of the American Dental Association, Volume 150, Issue 3, March 2019, Pages 165-177
Abstract of above article available online, full text available for purchase:https://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(18)30786-4/fulltext
2. Ackerman WE, Ware TR, Juneja M, The Air-Liquid Interface and the pH and PCO2 of Alkalinized Local Anaesthetic Solutions, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 39, P. 387 (1992).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:http://www.springerlink.com/content/43616778m7243675/
3. Bedder MD, Kozody R, Craig DB, Comparison of Bupivacaine and Alkalinized Bupivacaine in Brachial Plexus Anesthesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 67, P. 48 (1988).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/67/1/48.long
4. Benlabed M, Jullien P, Guelmi K, Hamza J, Bonhomme L, Benhamou D, Alkalinization of 0.5% Lidocaine for Intravenous Regional Anesthesia, Regional Anesthesia, Vol. 15, No. 2, P. 59 (1990).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2176097
5. Candido KD, Winnie AP, Covino BG, Raza SM, Vasireddy AR, Masters RW, Addition of Bicarbonate to Plain Bupivacaine Does Not Significantly Alter the Onset or Duration of Plexus Anesthesia, Regional Anesthesia, Vol. 20, No. 2 P.
133 (1995).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7605760
6. Capogna G, Celleno D, Laudano D, Giunta F, Alkalinization of local anesthetics. Which block, which local anesthetic? Regional Anesthesia, Vol. 20, No. 5, P. 369 (1995).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8519712
7. Chow M, Sia A, Koay C, Chan Y, Alkalinization of Lidocaine Does not Hasten the Onset of Axillary Brachial Plexus Block, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 86, P. 566 (1998).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
8. Christoph RA, Buchanan L, Begalla K, Schwartz S, Pain Reduction in Local Anesthetic Administration Through pH Buffering, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 2, P. 27 (1988).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(88)80293-2/abstract
9. Coventry DM, Todd JG, Alkalinisation of Bupivacaine for Sciatic Nerve Blockade, Anaesthesia, Vol. 44, P. 467 (1989).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2757151
10. DiFazio CA, Carron H, Grosslight KR, Moscicki JC, Bolding WR, Johns RA, Comparison of pH-Adjusted Lidocaine Solutions for Epidural Anesthesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 65, P. 760 (1986).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/65/7/760.full.pdf+html
11. Fukuda T, Satop S, Naito H, Concentration- and pH- Dependent Effects of Local Anesthetics on Onset of Epidural Anesthesia, Journal of Anesthesia, Vol. 4, P. 327 (1990).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15235964
12. Fukuda T, Naito H, The Effect of pH Adjustment of 1% Lidocaine on the Onset of Sensory and Motor Blockade of Epidural Anesthesia in Nonpregnant Gynecological Patients, Journal of Anesthesia, Vol. 8, P. 293 (1994).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge: http://www.springerlink.com/content/t63t050t4xx36446/
13. Gaggero G, Meyer O, Wan Gessel E, Rifat K, Alkalinization of Lidocaine 2% Does Not Influence the Quality of Epidural Anaesthesia for Elective Caesarean Section, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 42, No. 12, P. 1080 (1995).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8595681
14. Gormley WP, Hill DA, Murray JM, Fee JP, The Effect of Alkalinization of Lignocaine on Axillary Brachial Plexus Anaesthesia, Anaesthesia, Vol. 51, P. 185 (1996).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8779380
15. Gupta RP, Kapoor G, Safety and Efficacy of Sodium Bicarbonate versus Hyaluronidase in Peribulbar Anaesthesia, Medical Journal of the Armed Forces of India, Vol. 62, P. 116 (2006).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge: http://medind.nic.in/maa/t06/i2/maat06i2p116.pdf
16. Kanaya N, Imaizumi H, Matsumoto M, Namiki A, Tsunoda K, Evaluation of Alkalinized
Lidocaine Solution in Brachial Plexus Blockade, Journal of Anesthesia, Vol. 5, No. 2, P. 128 (1991).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/fhqnkwuxc422clx9/
17. Liepert DJ, McMorland GH, Gambling DR, Kim J, Ross P, Comparison of Lidocaine CO2, Two Per Cent Lidocaine Hydrochloride and pH Adjusted Lidocaine Hydrochloride for Caesarean Section Anaesthesia, Canadian Journal of
Anaesthesia, Vol. 37, No. 3, P. 333 (1990).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2182205
18. McMorland GH, Douglas MJ, Jeffery WK, Ross PL, Axelson JE, Kim JH, Gambling DR, Robertson K, Effect of pH-Adjustment of Bupivacaine on Onset and Duration of Epidural Analgesia in Parturients, Canadian Anaesthetists’ Society Journal
Vol. 33, No. 5, P. 537 (1986).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3021299
19. McMorland GH, Douglas MJ, Axelson J, Kim JH, Blair I, Ross PL, Gambling DR, Swenerton JE, The Effect of pH Adjustment of Bupivacaine on Onset and Duration of Epidural Anaesthesia for Caesarean Section, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia,
Vol. 35, No. 5, P. 457 (1988).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge: http://www.springerlink.com/content/tk5442887g09252g/
20. Mehta R, Verma D, Gupta V, Gurwara A, To Study the Effect of Alkalinization of Lignocaine Hydrochloride on Brachial Plexus Block, Indian Journal of Anaesthesiology, Vol. 47, No. 4, P. 283 (2003).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge: http://medind.nic.in/iad/t03/i4/iadt03i4p283.pdf
21. Ossipov MH, Harris SH, Spaulding TC, Potency and Duration of Action of Local Anesthetics are Diminished by Decreasing the pH of the Injected Solution in Peripheral Nerve Block, Pain, Vol. 30, Supp. 1, P. S384 (1987).
Full text of above article available for purchase online: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03043959
22. Quinlan JJ, Oleksey K, Murphy FL, Alkalinization of Mepivacaine for Axillary Block, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 74, P. 371 (1992).
Abstract of above article available online: http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/74/3/371.short
23. Tackley RM, Coe AJ, Alkalinised Bupivacaine and Adrenaline for Epidural Caesarean Section, A comparison with 0.5% Bupivacaine, Obstetric Digest, Vol. 43, P. 1019 (1988).
Full text of above article available for purchase online: http://journals.lww.com/obstetricanesthesia/citation/1989/07000/alkalinised_bupivacaine_and_adrenaline_for.42.aspx
24. Jaichandran V, Vijaya L, George RJ, InderMohan B, Peribulbar Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery: Effect of Lidocaine Warming and Alkalinization on Injection Pain, Motor and Sensory Nerve Blockade, Indian Journal of Ophthalmology,
Vol. 58, No. 2, P. 105 (2010).
Full text of above article available for review online at no charge: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2854439/?tool=pubmed
25. Verborgh C, Claeys MA, Camu C, Onset of Epidural Blockade After Plain or Alkalinized 0.5% Bupivacaine, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 73, P. 401 (1991).
Full text of above article available for purchase online: http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/73/4/401.full.pdf+html
Buffering, Anesthetic Potency, and Dissolved CO2
1. Ackerman WE, Ware TR, Juneja M, The Air-Liquid Interface and the pH and PCO2 of Alkalinized Local Anaesthetic Solutions, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 39, P. 387 (1992).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/43616778m7243675/
2. Berrada R, Chassard D, Bryssine S, Berthier S, Bryssine B, Bouletreau P, In Vitro Effects of the Alkalinization of 0.25% Bupivacaine and 2% Lidocaine, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, Vol. 13, no. 2, P. 165 (1994).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7818198
3. Bromage PR, Gertel M, Improved Brachial Plexus Blockade with Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Carbonated Lidocaine, Anesthesia, Vol. 36, No. 5, P. 479 (1972).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
4. Catchlove RFH, The Influence of CO2 and pH on Local Anesthetic Action, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapies, Vol. 181, No. 2, P. 298 (1972).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/181/2/298.full.pdf+html
5. Condouris GA, Shakalis A, Potentiation of the Nerve-Depressant Effect of Local Anesthetics by Carbon Dioxide, Nature, Vol. 204, P. 57 (1964).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v204/n4953/pdf/204057a0.pdf
6. Curatolo M, Peterson-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Lauber R, Hogstrom H, Scaramozzino P, Luginbuhl M, Sieber TJ, Zbinden AM, Adding Sodium Bicarbonate to Lidocaine Enhances the Depth of Epidural Blockade, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 86, P. 341 (1998).
Full text of above article available for review online at no charge:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/86/2/341.full.pdf+html
7. Martin AJ, pH Adjustment and Discomfort Caused by the Intradermal Injection of Lignocaine, Anaesthesia, Vol. 45, P. 975 (1990).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2174653
8. Wong K, Strichartz GR, Raymond SA, On the Mechanisms of Potentiation of Local Anesthetics by Bicarbonate Buffer: Drug Structure-Activity Studies on Isolated Peripheral Nerve, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 76, P. 131 (1993).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/76/1/131.long
Buffering and Depth of Analgesia
1. Arakawa M, Aoyama Y, Ohe Y, Epidural Bolus Injection with Alkalinized Lidocaine Improves Blockade of the First Sacral Segment - A Brief Report, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol. 49, No. 6, P 566 (2002).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/b36206827q812411/
2. Arndt KA, Minimizing the Pain of Local Anesthesia, Journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery) Vol. 72, No. 5, P. 676 (1983).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/secure/pages/purchase.aspx?an=00006534-198311000-00017
4. Curatolo M, Peterson-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Lauber R, Hogstrom H, Scaramozzino P, Luginbuhl M, Sieber TJ, Zbinden AM, Adding Sodium Bicarbonate to Lidocaine Enhances the Depth of Epidural Blockade, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 86, P. 341 (1998).
Full text of above article available for review online at no charge:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/86/2/341.full.pdf+html
5. Gaggero G, Meyer O, Wan Gessel E, Rifat K, Alkalinization of Lidocaine 2% Does Not Influence the Quality of Epidural Anaesthesia for Elective Caesarean Section, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 42, No. 12, P. 1080 (1995).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8595681
6. Mehta R, Verma DD, Gupta V, Burwara AK, To Study the Effect of Alkalinization of Lignocaine Hydrochloride on Brachial Plexus Block, Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 47, No. 4, P. 283 (2003).
Full text of above article available for download online at no charge:
http://medind.nic.in/iad/t03/i4/iadt03i4p283.pdf
7. Roberts JE, MacLeod BA, Hollands RH, Improved Peribulbar Anaesthesia with Alkalinization and Hyaluronidase, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 40, No. 9, P. 835 (1993).
Full text of above article available for download online at no charge:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/273p5g41w774215u/fulltext.pdf
8. Siler JN, Rosenberg H, Lidocaine Hydrochloride versus Lidocaine Bicarbonate for Epidural Anesthesia in Outpatients Undergoing Arthroscopic Surgery, Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, Vol. 2, P. 296 (1990).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://pubget.com/search?q=issn:0952-8180+vol:2+issue:5&from=2176794
9. Tetzlaff JE, Yoon HJ, O’HaraJ, Reaney J, Stein D, Grimes-Rice M, Alkalinization of Mepivacaine Accelerates Onset of Interscalene Block for Shoulder Surgery, Regional Anesthesia, Vol. 15, P. 242 (1990).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
Buffering and Diffusion of Anesthetic
1. Arakawa M, Aoyama Y, Ohe Y, Epidural Bolus Injection with Alkalinized Lidocaine Improves Blockade of the First Sacral Segment - A Brief Report, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol. 49, No. 6, P 566 (2002).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/b36206827q812411/
2. Bedder, Kozody R, Craig DB, Comparison of Bupivacaine and Alkalinized Bupivacaine in Brachial Plexus Anesthesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 67, P. 48 (1988).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/67/1/48.long
3. Gaggero G, Meyer O, Wan Gessel E, Rifat K, Alkalinization of Lidocaine 2% Does Not Influence the Quality of Epidural Anaesthesia for Elective Caesarean Section, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 42, No. 12, P. 1080 (1995).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8595681
4. Liepert DJ, McMorland GH, Gambling DR, Kim J, Ross P, Comparison of Lidocaine CO2, Two Per Cent Lidocaine Hydrochloride and pH Adjusted Lidocaine Hydrochloride for Caesarean Section Anaesthesia, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 37, No. 3, P. 333 (1990).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2182205
5. Martin AJ, pH Adjustment and Discomfort Caused by the Intradermal Injection of Lignocaine, Anaesthesia, Vol. 45, P. 975 (1990).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/217465
Buffering and Duration
1. Bartfield JM, Homer PJ, Ford DT, Sternklar P, Buffered Lidocaine as a Local Anesthetic: An Investigation of Shelf Life, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 21, No. 1, P. 16 (1992).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196-0644(05)82230-9
2. Berrada R, Chassard D, Bryssine S, Berthier S, Bryssine B, Bouletreau P, In Vitro Effects of the Alkalinization of 0.25% Bupivacaine and 2% Lidocaine, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, Vol. 13, No. 2, P. 165 (1994).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7818198
3. Bonhomme L, Postaire E, Touratier S, Benhamou D, Martre-Sauvageon H, Preaux NM, Chemical Stability of Lignocaine (Lidocaine) and Adrenaline (Epinephrine) in pH-Adjusted Parenteral Solutions, Journal of Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics,
Vol. 13, P. 257 (1988).
Summary and article for purchase available online:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2710.1988.tb00190.x/abstract
4. Buckley P, Neto GD, Fink BR, pH of Solution and Duration of Local Anesthetic Block, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 64, P. 477 (1985).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/64/5/477.long
5. Gormley WP, Hill DA, Murray JM, Fee JPH, The Effect of Alkalinization of Lignocaine on Axillary Brachial Plexus Anaesthesia, Anaesthesia, Vol. 51, P. 185 (1996).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb07712.x/abstract
6. Mehta R, Verma D, Gupta V, Gurwara A, To Study the Effect of Alkalinization of Lignocaine Hydrochloride, Indian Journal of Anaesthesiology, Vol. 47, No. 4, P. 283 (2003).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://medind.nic.in/iad/t03/i4/iadt03i4p283.pdf
Buffering and Injection Pain
Buffered Bupivacaine
1. Ackerman WE, Ware TR, Juneja M, The Air-Liquid Interface and the pH and PCO2 of Alkalinized Local Anaesthetic Solutions, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 39, P. 387 (1992).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/43616778m7243675/
2. Jones JS, Plzak C, Wynn BN, Martin S, Effect of Temperature and pH Adjustment of Bupivacaine for Intradermal Anesthesia, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 2, P. 117 (1998).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
Buffered Chloroprocaine
1. Marica LS, O’Day T, Janosky JE, Nystrom EUM, Chloroprocaine is Less Painful than Lidocaine for Skin Infiltration Anesthesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 94, P. 351 (2002).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/94/2/351.full.pdf+html
2. Lavin PA, Henderson CL, Vaghadia H, Non-Alkalinized and Alkalinized 2- Chloroprocaine vs. Lidocaine for Intravenous Regional Anesthesia During Outpatient Hand Surgery, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 46, P. 939 (1999).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/7w54874w24367w62/fulltext.pdf
3. Ackerman WE, Ware TR, Juneja M, The Air-Liquid Interface and the pH and PCO2 of Alkalinized Local Anaesthetic Solutions, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 39, P. 387 (1992).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/43616778m7243675/
Buffered Lidocaine Plain
1. Ackerman WE, Ware TR, Juneja M, The Air-Liquid Interface and the pH and PCO2 of Alkalinized Local Anaesthetic Solutions, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 39, P. 387 (1992).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/43616778m7243675/
2. Arndt KA, Minimizing the Pain of Local Anesthesia, Journal of the American Society
of Plastic Surgeons (Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery) Vol. 72, No. 5, P. 676 (1983).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/secure/pages/purchase.aspx?an=00006534-198311000-00017
3. Ball EL, Sanjay P, Woodward A, Comparison of Buffered and Unbuffered Local Anaesthesia for Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Prospective Study, The Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Vol. 10, No. 2, P. 175 (2006).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/fku2184752r28t36/
4. Bancroft JW, Benenati JF, Becker GJ, Katzen BT, Neutralized Lidocaine: Use in Pain Reduction in Local Anesthesia, Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Vol. 3, No. 1, P. 107 (1992).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.jvir.org/article/S1051-0443%2892%2972200-3/abstract
5. Bartfield JM, Gennis P, Barbera J, Breuer B, Gallagher EJ, Buffered Versus Plain Lidocaine as a Local Anesthetic for Simple Laceration Repair, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 19, No. 12, P. 1387 (1990).
Abstract of the above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8381259
6. Bartfield JM, Homer PJ, Ford DT, Sternklar P, Buffered Lidocaine as a Local Anesthetic: An Investigation of Shelf Life, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 21, No. 1, P. 16 (1992).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196-0644(05)82230-9
7. Brogan GX, Biaruusso E, Hollander JE, Cassara G, Maranga MC, Thode HC, Comparison of Plain, Warmed, and Buffered Lidocaine for Anesthesia of Traumatic Wounds, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 26, No. 2, P. 121 (1995).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
8. Christoph RA, Buchanan L, Begalla K, Schwartz S, Pain Reduction in Local Anesthetic Administration Through pH Buffering, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 2, P. 27 (1988).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(88)80293-2/abstract
9. Colaric KB, Overton DT, Moore K, Pain Reduction in Local Anesthetic, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 4, P. 353 (1998).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download online:
10. Connelly NR, Leonard R, Discomfort Associated with Regional Anesthetic Placement in Obstetrics: Does Alkalinization Help?, International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, Vol. 5, No. 2, P. 89 (1996).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download online:
11. Cornelius P, Kendall J, Meek S, Rajan R, Alkalinisation of Lignocaine to Reduce the Pain of Digital Nerve Blockade, Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine, Vol. 13, No. 5, P. 339 (1996).
Full text of above article available for review and download online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1342770/pdf/jaccidem00014-0035.pdf
12. Culp WC Jr, Yousaf M, Lowry B, McCowan TC, Culp WC, Pain and Efficacy of Local Anesthetics for Central Venous Access, Local and Regional Anesthesia, Vol. 2008, P. 11 (2008).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=4252
13. Gershon RY, Mokriski BK, Matjasko MJ, Intradermal Anesthesia and Comparison of Intravenous Catheter Gauge, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 73, P. 469 (1991).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download online:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/73/4/469.full.pdf+html
14. Hayward CJ, Nafziger AN, Kohlhepp SJ, Bertino JS Jr, Investigation of Bioequivalence and Tolerability of Intramuscular Ceftriaxone Injections by Using 1% Lidocaine, Buffered Lidocaine, and Sterile Water Diluents, Antimicrobial Agents and
Chemotherapy, Vol. 40, No. 2, P. 485 (1996).
Full text of above article available for download online, free of charge:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC163141/pdf/400485.pdf
158. Karcioglu O, Topacoglu H, Ayrik C, Ozucelik DN, Soysal S, Prilocaine versus Plain or Buffered Lidocaine for Local Anesthesia in Laceration Repair: Randomized Double-blind Comparison, Croatian Medical Journal, Vol. 44, No. 6, P. 716 (2003).
Full text of above article available for review online free of charge:
http://www.cmj.hr/2003/44/6/14652885.pdf
16. Klein EJ, Shugerman RP, Leigh-Taylor K, Schneider C, Portscheller D, Koepsell T, Buffered Lidocaine: Analgesia for Intravenous Line Placement in Children, Pediatrics, Vol. 95, No. 5, P. 709 (1995).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/95/5/709
17. Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Stens-Pedersen HL, Kjaerbo EJ, Intra-Arterial Regional Anaesthesia for Hand Surgery with Alkalinized 0.5% Lignocaine, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandanavica, Vol. 39, No. 8, P. 1048 (1995).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04227.x/abstract
18. Mader TJ, Playe SJ, Reducing the Pain of Local Anesthetic Infiltration: Warming and Buffering Have Synergistic Effect, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 23, No. 3, P. 550 (1994).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download online:
19. Marica LS, O’Day T, Janosky JE, Nystrom EUM, Chloroprocaine is Less Painful than Lidocaine for Skin Infiltration Anesthesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 94, P. 351 (2002).
Full text of above article available for download at no charge:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/94/2/351.full.pdf+html
20. Matsumoto AH, Reifsnyder AC, Hartwell GD, Angle JF, Selby JB Jr, Tegtmeyer CJ, Reducing the Discomfort of Lidocaine Administration Through pH Buffering, Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Vol. 5, No. 1, P. 171 (1994).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download online:
21. McGlone R, Bodenham A, Reducing the Pain of Intradermal Lignocaine Injection by pH Buffering, Archives of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 7, P. 65 (1990).
Full text of above article available for download online free of charge:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1285669/pdf/archemed00026-0009.pdf
22. McKay W, Morris R, Mushlin P, Sodium Bicarbonate Attenuates Pain on Skin Infiltration with Lidocaine, with or without Epinephrine, Anesthesia & Analgesia,
Vol. 66, P. 572 (1987).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download online:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/66/6/572.long
23. McNaughton C, Zhou C, Robert L, Storrow A, Kennedy R, A Randomized, Crossover Comparison of Injected Buffered Lidocaine, Lidocaine Cream, and No Analgesia for Peripheral Intravenous Cannula Insertion, Annlas of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 54, No. 2, P. 214 (2009).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
http://www.annemergmed.com/article/s0196-0644(08)02182-3/fulltext
24. Nelson AL, Neutralizing pH of Lidocaine Reduces Pain During Norplant® System Insertion Procedure, Contraception, Vol. 51, No. 5, P. 299 (1995).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download online:
25. Ong E, Lim N, Koay C, Towards a Pain-Free Venepuncture, Anaesthesia, Vol. 55, No. 3, P. 260 (2000).
Full text of above article available for download online free of charge:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2000.01124.x/pdf
26. Orlinsky M, Hudson C, Chan L, Deslauriers R, Pain Comparison of Unbuffered Versus Buffered Lidocaine in Local Wound Infiltration, Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 10, No. 4, P. 411 (1992).
Full text of above article available online for purchase and download:
27. Palmon SC, Lloyd AT, Kirsch R, The Effect of Needle Gauge and Lidocaine pH on Pain During Intradermal Injection, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 86, No. 2, P. 379 (1998).
Full text of above article available online for download free of charge:
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/86/2/379.full.pdf+html
28. Sapin P, Petrozzi R, Dehmer GJ, Reduction in Injection Pain Using Buffered Lidocaine as a Local Anesthetic Before Cardiac Catheterization, Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis, Vol. 23, No. 2, P. 100 (1991).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ccd.1810230206/abstract
29. Scarfone RJ, Jasani M, Gracely EJ, Pain of Local Anesthetics: Rate of Administration and Buffering, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 31, No. 1, P. 36 (1998).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
30. Steinbrook RA, Hughes N, Fanciullo G, Manzi D, Ferrante FM, Effects of Alkalinization of Lidocaine on the Pain of Skin Infiltration and Intravenous Catheterization,
Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, Vol. 5, No. 6, P. 456 (1993).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
31. Jaichandran V, Vijaya L, George RJ, InderMohan B, Peribulbar Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery: Effect of Lidocaine Warming and Alkalinization on Injection Pain, Motor and Sensory Nerve Blockade, Indian Journal of Ophthalmology,
Vol. 58, No. 2, P. 105 (2010).
Full text of above article available for review free of charge:
40. Xia Y, Chen E, Tibbits DL, Reilley TE, McSweeney TD, Comparison of Effects of Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Buffered Lidocaine, Diphenhydramine, and Normal Saline After Intradermal Injection, Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, Vol. 14, No. 5,
P. 339 (2002).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
Buffered Lidocaine with Epinephrine
1. Bowles WH, Frysh H, Emmons R, Clinical Evaluation of Buffered Local Anesthetic, General Dentistry, Vol. 43, No. 2, P. 182 (1995).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9564364
2. Burns CA, Ferris G, Feng C, Cooper JZ, Brown MD, Decreasing the Pain of Local Anesthesia: A Prospective, Double-Blind Comparison of Buffered, Premixed 1% Lidocaine with Epinephrine Versus 1% Lidocaine Freshly Mixed with Epinephrine,
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Vol. 54, No. 1, P. 128 (2006).
Full text of the article is available for purchase and download:
3. Carvalho B, Fuller A, Brummel C, Cohen SE, Local Infiltration of Epinephrine- Containing Lidocaine with Bicarbonate Reduces Superficial Bleeding and Pain During Labor Epidural Catheter Insertion: A Randomized Trial, International
Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, Vol. 16, No. 2, P. 116 (2007).
Full text of the article is available for purchase and download:
http://www.obstetanesthesia.com/article/S0959-289X(06)00196-8/pdf
4. Christoph RA, Buchanan L, Begalla K, Schwartz S, Pain Reduction in Local Anesthetic Administration Through pH Buffering, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 2, P. 27 (1988).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(88)80293-2/abstract
6. Larson PO, Ragi G, Swandby M, Darcey B, Polzin G, Carey P, Stability of Buffered Lidocaine and Epinephrine Used for Local Anesthesia, Journal of Dermatologic
Surgery and Oncology, Vol. 17, No. 5, P. 411 (1991).
Abstract of above article:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2030202
8. Martin AJ, pH Adjustment and Discomfort Caused by the Intradermal Injection of Lignocaine, Anaesthesia, Vol. 45, P. 975 (1990).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2174653
9. Masters JE, Randomized Control Trial of pH Buffered Lignocaine with Adrenaline in Outpatient Operations, British Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol. 51, P 385 (1998).
Full text of the article is available for purchase and download:
11. Narváez J, Wessels I, Bacon G, Chin VR, Baqai WK, Zimmerman GJ, Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Short-Term Complications When Using Buffered or Unbuffered Lidocaine 1% With Epinephrine for Blepharoplasty Surgery,
Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vol. 26, No. 1, P. 33 (2010).
Full text of the article is available for purchase and download:
12. Samdal F, Arctander K, Skolleborg KC, Amland PF, Alkalisation of Lignocaine- Adrenaline Reduces the Amount of Pain During Subcutaneous Injection of Local Anaesthetic, Scandanavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Vol. 28, No. 1, P. 33 (1994).
Full text of the article is available for purchase and download:
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/ftinterface~content=a785304409~fulltext=713240930~frm=content
15. Vossinakis IC, Stavroulaki P, Paleochorlidis I, Badras LS, Reducing the Pain Associated with Local Anaesthetic Infiltration for Open Carpal Tunnel Decompression, Journal of Hand Surgery (British Volume), Vol. 29B, No. 4, P. 399 (2004).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
16. Whitcomb M, Drum M, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M, A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study of the Anesthetic Efficacy of Sodium Bicarbonate Buffered 2% Lidocaine With 1 : 100,000 Epinephrine in Inferior Alveolar Nerve Blocks,
Anesthesia Progress, Vol. 57, No. 2, P. 59 (2010).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
http://www.anesthesiaprogress.org/doi/full/10.2344/0003-3006-57.2.59
18. Younis I, Bhutiani RP, Taking the ‘Ouch’ Out - Effect of Buffering Commercial Xylocaine on Infiltration and Procedure Pain – A Prospective, Randomised, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England,
Vol. 86, No. 3, P. 213 (2004).
Available for download free of charge:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1964174/pdf/15140310.pdf
19. Yuen VH, Dolman PJ, Comparison of Three Modified Lidocaine Solutions for Use in Eyelid Anesthesia, Ophthalmic Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Vol. 15, No. 2, P. 143 (1999).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
http://journals.lww.com/op-rs/secure/pages/purchase.aspx?an=00002341-199903000-00016
Buffered Mepivacaine
1. Christoph RA, Buchanan L, Begalla K, Schwartz S, Pain Reduction in Local Anesthetic Administration Through pH Buffering, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 2, P. 27 (1988).
Abstract of above article available online:
http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(88)80293-2/abstract
Metastudies on Buffering and Injection Pain
1. Boyd R, Plain or Buffered Lignocaine for Local Anesthetic, Best Evidence Topics, BET No. 102 (2001).
Full text of above article available for review online:
http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=102
2. Davies RJ, Buffering the Pain of Local Anaesthetics: A Systematic Review, Emergency Medicine, Vol. 15, P. 81 (2003).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1442-2026.2003.00413.x/full
Buffering and Warming
1. Brogan GX, Biaruusso E, Hollander JE, Cassara G, Maranga MC, Thode HC, Comparison of Plain, Warmed, and Buffered Lidocaine for Anesthesia of Traumatic Wounds, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 26, No. 2, P. 121 (1995).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
2. Colaric KB, Overton DT, Moore K, Pain Reduction in Local Anesthetic, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 4, P. 353 (1998).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
3. Mader TJ, Playe SJ, Reducing the Pain of Local Anesthetic Infiltration: Warming and Buffering Have Synergistic Effect, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 23,
No. 3, P. 550 (1994).
Full text of above article available for purchase online:
4. Fitton AR, Ragbir M, Milling AP, The Use of pH Adjusted Lignocaine in Controlling Operative Pain in the Day Surgery Unit: A Prospective Randomized Trial, British Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol. 49, P. 404 (1996).
Full text of above article available for purchase and download: